Does Eating Sweets Really Make You Diabetic?


Recently, I often hear the news that there are 20 million people in the diabetic reserve group. Also, as a result of the health checkup, there will be many people who have been told by the doctor that if they stay like this, they can get diabetes. Diabetes mellitus in Japanese is type 2 diabetes, in which more than 95% of Japanese people have impaired insulin secretion.


There is no convincing evidence that stress, alcohol, and sweets, which are often thought to be the cause of diabetes, directly cause the disease. There are still many unanswered questions about the cause of diabetes. According to the Japanese Diabetes Association, if the fasting blood sugar level is less than 110 mg/dl and the glucose tolerance test (the value 2 hours after glucose intake) is less than 140 mg/dl, it is considered normal. A fasting blood sugar level of 126 mg/dl or more or a glucose tolerance test value of 200 mg/dl or more is considered diabetes. And those who fall between diabetes and normal are considered reserve groups.


Diabetes is scary because when blood sugar levels are high, blood vessels are damaged and there is a high risk of myocardial infarction or cerebral infarction, and serious complications such as blindness, kidney disease, and neuropathy are easy to occur. In Japan, about 3,500 people a year become blind due to diabetic retinopathy. In addition, diabetic nephropathy is the disease with the highest rate of artificial dialysis by disease, and more than 10,000 people start new dialysis every year. Neurological disorders due to diabetes have serious symptoms, as well as numbness in the hands and feet or incontinence that cannot hold urine or stool.


Diabetes mellitus has no symptoms, so it is difficult to cure it after serious symptoms appear. For this reason, if the blood sugar level is high during the health checkup, the doctors scare them as if something serious is about to happen. However, it should be remembered that lowering blood sugar levels with drugs is much more dangerous. (Makoto, 49-50p)

抗原抗体

grace kim
2022-02-07
조회수 13669

抗原抗体


病毒结构由几个成分组成:外表面(Surface)被膜包围,内层(Core)包含病毒的中心成分。表面有表面抗原(HBsAg:乙型肝炎表面抗原),内部有病毒遗传因子、HBcAg(乙型肝炎核心抗原)和HBeAg复合物。对应于这些抗原的抗体也分别作为表面抗体(HBsAb:乙型肝炎表面抗体)、HBcAb 和 HBeAb 产生。


主要来自血液的表面抗原不是病毒本身,而是形成病毒周围膜的成分,数量上大约是病毒的一万倍。与表面抗原不同,在血液中,HBcAg 不会出现,仅以完整病毒的形式传播。病毒繁殖和感染他人的能力高度依赖于血液中 HBeAg 的存在。



表面抗原 (HBsAg)

病毒存在于血液、唾液、牛奶、眼泪、汗液、胆汁、尿液、精液和阴道分泌物中。能够感染人类的病毒存在于血液、精液和唾液中。


ㆍ 诊断

表面抗原在诊断感染和传染性方面至关重要。 90% 的患者在短时间内或长时间内使这种抗原呈阳性。


当病毒进入时,通常在 3-4 周(总共 1-12 周)后在血液中检测到对肝炎诊断很重要的表面抗原。表面抗原的量与感染的严重程度成正比,在潜伏期结束和急性症状期开始时最高。


ㆍ 未检测到抗原的时期

这取决于从病毒进入感染部位到血液中出现表面抗原并且可以通过血液检查来诊断疾病的病毒数量,感染者对疾病的易感性或抵抗力,以及许多其他因素。


肝炎被感染并治愈而不会引起并发症,然后逐渐减弱并且在症状出现后的数周内不会从血液中排出。但是,对于慢性肝炎,它会继续检测呈阳性,表明疾病会持续下去。



E抗原(HBeAg)

它提供了间接证据表明活病毒本身存在于血液中,并作为病毒繁殖和传染性的基础。即使是剖腹产也不能预防感染,因为分娩时有血。


ㆍ 分娩时的感染率

即使您是慢性携带者,这也取决于您在分娩时是否有 E 抗原或 E 抗体 (HBeAb)。

1、抗原阳性:新生儿肝炎的概率很高,达到80-90%。

2、抗原抗体阴性:新生儿肝炎的概率很高,高达25%。

3、抗原阴性和抗体阳性:有的学者声称不存在新生儿肝炎的可能性,也有的认为大约在10%左右,因此假设有可能是安全的。



抗体

感染时出来的第一个抗体是IgM HBcAb,即对HBcAg(乙型肝炎核心抗原)有反应的IgM家族的抗体。当表面抗原呈阳性并且你知道病毒已经进入时,它可能会出来,也就是你被感染了,但还没有任何症状。不久之后出现了 IgG HBcAb,一种 IgG 家族的抗体。这些 IgG 和 IgM HBcAb 在感染和治愈的肝炎患者中释放数年,并在慢性肝炎患者中继续以高滴度释放。


表面抗体 (HBsAbs) 通常在表面抗原清除后释放,有时在表面抗原清除数周或数月后释放。如果抗体滴度高,疾病也会很快痊愈。 HBeAb 可能会在 HBeAg 消失或症状消失数周后出现,但可以在一到两年内检测到。

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